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The Quran is very clear about all rules dealing with our lives and even details whom we can or cannot marry. Anything not specifically prohibited in Quran must be considered permissible. God even encourages marriage to discourage immorality.
[24:32] You shall encourage those of you who are single to get married. They may marry the righteous among your male and female servants, if they are poor. GOD will enrich them from His grace. GOD is Bounteous, Knower. (See also 24:33)
In the case you have quoted, it is assumed that the couple are presently single individuals (never married or widowed or divorced). If that is all there is to it, there appears no prohibition in Quran for this man to marry the woman who already has a teenage daughter.
Below are the permissible and prohibited categories from Quran:
Allowed categories for marriage:
(a) [5:5] Today, all good food is made lawful for you. The food of the people of the scripture is lawful for you. Also, you may marry the chaste women among the believers, as well as the chaste women among the followers of previous scripture, provided you pay them their due dowries. You shall maintain chastity, not committing adultery, nor taking secret lovers. Anyone who rejects faith, all his work will be in vain, and in the Hereafter he will be with the losers.
(b) [33:50] O prophet, we made lawful for you your wives to whom you have paid their due dowry, or what you already have, as granted to you by GOD. Also lawful for you in marriage are the daughters of your father's brothers, the daughters of your father's sisters, the daughters of your mother's brothers, the daughters of your mother's sisters, who have emigrated with you. Also, if a believing woman gave herself to the prophet - by forfeiting the dowry - the prophet may marry her without a dowry, if he so wishes. However, her forfeiting of the dowry applies only to the prophet, and not to the other believers. We have already decreed their rights in regard to their spouses or what they already have. This is to spare you any embarrassment. GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful (See also 33:51-52).
(c) [4:25] Those among you who cannot afford to marry free believing women, may marry believing slave women. GOD knows best about your belief, and you are equal to one another, as far as belief is concerned. You shall obtain permission from their guardians before you marry them, and pay them their due dowry equitably. They shall maintain moral behavior, by not committing adultery, or having secret lovers. Once they are freed through marriage, if they commit adultery, their punishment shall be half of that for the free women. Marrying a slave shall be a last resort for those unable to wait. To be patient is better for you. GOD is Forgiver, Most Merciful.
(d) [33:37] Recall that you said to the one who was blessed by GOD, and blessed by you, "Keep your wife and reverence GOD," and you hid inside yourself what GOD wished to proclaim. Thus, you feared the people, when you were supposed to fear only GOD. When Zeid was completely through with his wife, we had you marry her, in order to establish the precedent that a man may marry the divorced wife of his adopted son. GOD's commands shall be done.
(e)[60:10] O you who believe, when believing women (abandon the enemy and) ask for asylum with you, you shall test them. GOD is fully aware of their belief. Once you establish that they are believers, you shall not return them to the disbelievers. They are not lawful to remain married to them, nor shall the disbelievers be allowed to marry them. Give back the dowries that the disbelievers have paid. You commit no error by marrying them, so long as you pay them their due dowries. Do not keep disbelieving wives (if they wish to join the enemy). You may ask them for the dowry you had paid, and they may ask for what they paid. This is GOD's rule; He rules among you. GOD is Omniscient, Most Wise. (See also 60:11-12).
The basic rules governing marriage are:
(1) Both people are single, (never married, widowed or divorced). God discourages polygamy. Polygamy is allowed only under very specific circumstances.
(2) There is an interim waiting period for recent divorcees or widows/widowers which must be fulfilled.
(3) There must be mutual attraction and dowry. The dowry, after due negotiation, must be paid by the man to the woman accordingly.
(4) Marriage being a sacred institution, the marriage should be fair and equitable to all concerned. Common sense decrees that the stepfather will treat his stepdaughter like a member of his family and love and protect her accordingly. However, the daughter must also continue to enjoy the rights and privileges she enjoyed from her previous father/family.
Below are the verses from Quran which deal with the issues mentioned above.
Interim period, for widows:
(You Shall Observe the Pre-Marriage Interims) [2:234] Those who die and leave wives, their widows shall wait four months and ten days (before they remarry). Once they fulfill their interim, you commit no error by letting them do whatever righteous matters they wish to do. GOD is fully Cognizant of everything you do. (See also 2:235-237).
http://www.submission.org/women/ gives the details of divorce per Quran.
I hope this will be helpful, God willing.
May God bless and be with you.
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